a) One key characteristic of the merit system is that hiring is based on practical experience or ability.
b) Bureaucratic independence occurs for many reasons. One is the fact that in the federal bureaucracy agencies are independent. For example, regulatory agencies are completely independent from the things that they investigate. Another way that bureaucracy gains independence is by having more technical expertise than, for example, policymakers.
c) Congress can order investigations into bureaucracy to check them by doing something like an Internal Affairs investigation. The courts can check bureaucracy by determining the constitutionality of bureaucratic activities/interpretations. Interest groups can check bureaucracy by bringing public attention to things that bureaucracy does wrong and therefore convey change.
http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/repository/ap10_us_govt_politics_scoring_guidelines.pdf
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